Word, Sentence, and Tenses

English Assigment

Disusun oleh :

Nama : Ananda Ade Kutari

NIM : 21412A0006

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU ILMU POLITIK

PROGRAM STUDI ADMINISTRASI BISNIS

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MATARAM

2014

A.   Word

1.    Definition of Word

       Word is collection of some of the letters that have a particular meaning.

2.    Kind of Word

2.1.   Noun

2.2.   Pronoun

2.3.   Verb

2.4.   Adverb

2.5.   Adjective

2.6.   Conjuntion

2.7.   Interjection
2.8.   Preposition

3.    Example

3.1.   Noun : car, handphone, glass, table, etc.

3.2.   Pronoun : I, you, they we, she, he, etc.

3.3.   Verb : eat, drink, sleep, sing, work, etc.

3.4.   Adverb : now, here, fast, quickly, seriously, etc.

3.5.   Adjective : good, fussy, beautiful, handsome, funny, etc.

3.6.   Conjuntion : and, or, but, because, etc.

3.7.   Interjection : hi!, hello!, hurray!, etc.

3.8.   Preposition : in, or, after, before, without, etc.

B.   Sentence

1.    Definition of Sentence

       Sentence is a collection of minimal words containing  an array of subject and predicate.

2.    Kind of Sentence

2.1.   Based on the verb

2.1.1.  Transitive Verb

2.1.2.  Intransitive Verb

2.2.   Based on the function of the verb

2.2.1.  Verbal Sentence

2.2.2.  Nominal Sentence

                      

3.    Example

3.1.   Based on the verb

3.1.1.  Transitive Verb

·         My Father drinks coffee every morning.

·         The children often watch cartoon movie.

3.1.2.  Intransitive Verb

·         My Father sits in front of the house every morning.

·         The children often get up late.

3.2.   Based on the function of the verb

3.2.1.  Verbal Sentence

·         John plays football with his friends every afternoon.

·         Students sometimes study in the class and out of the class.

3.2.2.  Nominal Sentence

·         John is in the class.

·         I am a teacher.

C.    Tenses

1.    Definition of Tenses

         Tenses is change verbs in English are influenced by time signal and nature of the incident.

2.    Pattern of Each Tenses

2.1.   Simple Present

(+) S + V₁ (s/es) + O + complement.

(-)  S + do/does + not + V₁ + O + complement.

(?)  Do/does + S + V₁ + O + complement + ?

2.2.   Present Continuous

(+) S + to be + Ving + O + complement.

(-)  S + to be + not + Ving + O + complement.

(?) To be + S + Ving + O + complement + ?

2.3.   Present Perfect

(+) S + have/has + V₃ + O.

(-)  S + have/has + not + V₃ + O.

(?)  Have/has + S + V₃ + O + ?

2.4.   Present Perfect Continuous

(+) S + have/has + been + Ving + O + since/for…

(-)  S + have/has + not + been + Ving + O + since/for…

(?)  Have/has + S + been + Ving + O + since/for… + ?

2.5.   Simple Past

(+) S + V₂ + O + complement.

(-)  S + did + not + V₁ + O + complement.

(?)  Did + S + V₁ + O + complement + ?

2.6.   Past Continuous

(+) S + to be (was/were) + Ving + O + complement.

(-)  S + to be (was/were) + not + Ving + O + complement.

(?)  To be (was/were) + S + Ving + O + complement + ?

2.7.   Past Perfect

(+) S + had + V₃ + O + complement.

(-)  S + had + not + V₃ + O + complement.

(?)  Had + S + V₃ + O + complement + ?

2.8.   Past Perfect Continuous

(+) S + had + been + Ving + O + complement.

(-)  S + had + not + been + Ving + O + complement.

(?) Had + S + been + Ving + O + complement + ?

2.9.   Simple Future

(+) S + will/shall + V₁ + O + complement.

(-)  S + will/shall + not + V₁ + O + complement.

(?)  Will/shall + S + V₁ + O + complrmrnt + ?

2.10.    Future Continuous

(+) S + will/shall + be + Ving + O + complement.

(-)  S + will/shall + not + be + Ving + O + complement.

(?) Will/shall + S + be + Ving + O + complement + ?

2.11.    Future Perfect

(+) S + will/shall + have + V₃ + O + complement.

(-)  S + will/shall + not + have + V₃ + O + complement.

(?)  Will/shall + S + have + V₃ + O + complement + ?

2.12.    Future Perfect Continuous

(+) S + will/shall + have + been + Ving + O + complement.

(-)  S + will/shall + not + have + been + Ving + O + complement.

(?)  Will/shall + S + have + been + Ving + O + complement + ?

2.13.    Simple Past Future

(+) S + should/would + V₁ + O + complement.

(-)  S + should/would + not + V₁ + O + complement.

(?) Should/would + S + V₁ + O + complement + ?

2.14.    Past Future Continuous

(+) S + should/would + be + Ving + O + complement

(-)  S + should/would + not + be + Ving + O + complement

(?) Should/would + S + be + Ving + O + complement + ?

2.15.    Past Future Perfect

(+) S + should/would + have + V₃ + O + complement.

(-)  S + should/would + not + have + V₃ + O + complement.

(?) Should/would + S + have + V₃ + O + complement + ?

2.16.    Past Future Perfect Continuous

(+) S + should/would + have + been + Ving + O + complement.

(-)  S + should/would + not + have + been + Ving + O + complement.

(?) Should/would + S + have +  been + Ving + O + complement + ?

3.    Example

3.1.   Simple Present

(+) They speak English everytime.

(-)  They don’t speak English everytime.

(?)  Do they speak English everytime?

3.2.   Present Continuous

(+) They are speaking English right now.

(-)  They are not speaking English right now.

(?)  Are they speaking English right now?

3.3.   Present Perfect

(+) He has visited his girlfriend.

(-)  He hasn’t visited his girlfriend.

(?) Has he visited his girlfriend?

3.4.   Present Perfect Continuous

(+) She has been waiting for you since 2 o’clock.

(-)  She hasn’t been waiting for you since 2 o’clock.

(?)  Has she been waiting for you since 2 o’clock?

3.5.   Simple Past

(+) Satria visited me last night.

(-)  Satria didn’t visit me last night.

(?)  Did Satria visit me last night?

3.6.   Past Continuous

(+) She was singing yesterday.

(-)  She was not singing yesterday.

(?)  Was she singing yesterday?

3.7.   Past Perfect

(+) The bus had left.

(-)  The bus had not left.

(?)  Had the bus left?

3.8.   Past Perfect Continuous

(+) Dani had been sleeping.

(-)  Dani had not been sleeping.

(?)  Had Dani been sleeping?

3.9.   Simple Future

(+) Nanda will make a cake tomorrow.

(-)  Nanda will not make a cake tomorrow.

(?)  will Nanda make a cake tomorrow?

3.10.    Future Continuous

(+) They will be playing basketball at 4.00 pm.

(-)  They will not be playing basketball at 4.00 pm.

(?)  Will they be playing basketball at 4.00 pm?

3.11.    Future Perfect

(+) You will have finished.

(-)  You will not have finished.

(?) will you have finished?

3.12.    Future Perfect Continuous

(+) She will have been studying for a while when you come here.

(-)  She will not have been studying for a while when you come here.

(?)  Will she have been studying for a while when you come here?

3.13.    Simple Past Future

(+) We should go to Paris next year.

(-)  We should not go to Paris next year.

(?)  Should we go to Paris next year?

3.14.    Past Future Continuous

(+) My Mother would be cooking vegetables at this hour yesterday.

(-)  My mother would not be cooking vegetables at this hour yesterday.

(?)  Would my Mother be cooking vegetables at this hour yesterday?

3.15.    Past Future Perfect

(+) She would have come here if she had called him.

(-)  She wouldn’t have come here if she had called him.

(?)  Would she have come here if she had called him.

3.16.    Past Future Perfect Continuous

(+) My boyfriend would have been giving chocolate at this hour yesterday.

(-)  My boyfriend would not have been giving chocolate at this hour yesterday.

(?)  Would your boyfriend have bene giving chocolate this hour yesterday?

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Modals and Auxiliary

A. Definition of Modals
     Modals is an auxiliary verb in whichthe consumer is the main verb and has the function to express permission, possibility, or necessity.

B. Types of Modals
     1) Modal Present : will, shall, may, can, must, ought to.
     2) Modal Past : would, should, might, could.
     3) Modal Perfect : should have / ought to have, must have, could have, might have.

C. Examples
     1) Modal Present
          - will : I will help you if you need my help.
          - shall : Shall I go despite the rain?
          - may : She may angry because of our mistake.
          - can : You can eat what you want.
          - must : You must study hard.
          - ought to : It's raining so hard, you ought to bring your umbrella.
     2) Modal Past
          - would : Would you help me lift this bag, please!
          - should : Hendry should be sleeping now.
          - might : She might be sad, because she did not see you last night.
          - could : Could you repeat again, please!
     3) Modal Perfect
          - should have/ought to have : John should have gone to his office this morning.
          - must have: Fini failed for the test. She must not have studied.
          - could have : She could have asked her brother to lift the box.
          - might have : His room was still very dirty. He might have forgotten to clean it.

D. Definition of Auxiliary Verb
     An auxiliary verb is a verb taht adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears, for examples to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc.

E. Types of Auxiliary Verb
     1) Auxiliary Verb Be (To Be) : am, is, are, was, were, been.
     2) Auxiliary Verb Have : have, has, had.
     3) Auxiliary Verb Do : do, does, did.

F. Examples
     1) Auxiliary Verb Be ( To Be)
         - am : I am buying a coffe.
         - is : he is buying a coffe.
         - are : They are buying a coffe.
         - was : I was buying a coffe.
         - were : You were buying a coffe.
         - been : They have been buying a coffe.
     2) Auxiliary Verb Have
         - have : I have watched this movie.
         - has : He has been watched this movie.
         - had : She had watched this movie.
     3) Auxiliary Verb Do
         - do : I do not play a football game.
         - does : He does not play a football game.
         - did : We did prepare our homework.

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